{"id":592,"date":"2022-02-21T15:56:56","date_gmt":"2022-02-21T14:56:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.julienrossi.com\/blog\/?p=592"},"modified":"2022-02-21T15:56:56","modified_gmt":"2022-02-21T14:56:56","slug":"information-et-societes-contemporaines-2022","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.julienrossi.com\/blog\/2022\/02\/21\/information-et-societes-contemporaines-2022\/","title":{"rendered":"Information et soci\u00e9t\u00e9s contemporaines 2022"},"content":{"rendered":"

Objectif g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du cours<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n

Nous vivrions, selon l\u2019expression de Manuel Castuells, dans une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 en r\u00e9seaux et dans une \u00e9conomie de capitalisme informationnel. Ces deux expressions font r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la centralit\u00e9 de l\u2019information, de sa circulation et de son contr\u00f4le, dans les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s contemporaines.<\/span><\/p>\n

La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dans laquelle nous vivons est \u00e0 la fois la cause et la cons\u00e9quence de la diffusion de nouvelles technologies de l\u2019information et de la communication, qui permettent un traitement automatis\u00e9 et en r\u00e9seau d\u2019informations inscrites sur des supports num\u00e9riques.<\/span><\/p>\n

L’informatique est une affaire d’informaticiens. Mais pas que. L’objectif du cours est d’acqu\u00e9rir les bases th\u00e9oriques dans les diff\u00e9rences sciences sociales pour analyser les transformations \u00e9conomiques et politiques dans la fa\u00e7on de s\u2019informer et de communiquer dans nos soci\u00e9t\u00e9s contemporaines.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le cours s\u2019organisera en cinq s\u00e9ances de trois heures.<\/span><\/p>\n

1. L\u2019histoire technopolitique de l\u2019espace public<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n

De l\u2019invention de l\u2019\u00e9criture aux projets de \u00ab\u00a0M\u00e9tavers\u00a0\u00bb dont l\u2019objectif est de \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9mocratiser\u00a0\u00bb la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 augment\u00e9e, en passant par l\u2019invention de l\u2019imprimerie, les techniques d\u2019\u00e9critures, de communication et de gestion de l\u2019information ont beaucoup \u00e9volu\u00e9. L\u2019espace public bourgeois lib\u00e9ral th\u00e9oris\u00e9 par J\u00fcrgen Habermas et revisit\u00e9 sous l\u2019\u0153il critique de Nancy Fraser repose sur des \u00e9volutions sociales, d\u2019ordre culturel, \u00e9conomique et politique, mais aussi une infrastructure technique qui permet la circulation de l\u2019information. La forme mat\u00e9rielle de cette infrastructure n\u2019est pas sans incidence sur l\u2019histoire de l\u2019espace public, et sur celle, parall\u00e8le, des luttes pour son contr\u00f4le, que F\u00e9lix Tr\u00e9guer expose dans ses travaux.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lectures conseill\u00e9es<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Bourdieu P., 1996, Sur la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision<\/i>, Paris, Raisons d\u2019agir, 95\u00a0p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cazenave \u00c9., Ulmann-Mauriat C., 1994, Presse, radio et t\u00e9l\u00e9vision en France de 1631 \u00e0 nos jours<\/i>, Paris, Hachette (Carr\u00e9 histoire), 253\u00a0p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Eisenstein E.L., 1979, The printing press as an agent of change: communications and cultural transformations in early modern Europe<\/i>, Cambridge [Eng.]\u202f; New York, Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fraser N., 2013, \u00ab\u00a0Repenser la sph\u00e8re publique\u202f: une contribution \u00e0 la critique de la d\u00e9mocratie telle qu\u2019elle existe r\u00e9ellement\u00a0\u00bb, Herm\u00e8s, La Revue<\/i>, 31, traduit par Valenta M., p.\u00a0125\u2011156.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fraser N., 2007, \u00ab\u00a0Special Section: Transnational Public Sphere: Transnationalizing the Public Sphere: On the Legitimacy and Efficacy of Public Opinion in a Post-Westphalian World\u00a0\u00bb, Theory, Culture & Society<\/i>, 24<\/i>, 4, p.\u00a07\u201130.<\/span><\/p>\n

Goody J., 1979, La raison graphique, la domestication de la pens\u00e9e sauvage<\/i>, Paris, Les \u00e9ditions de minuit.<\/span><\/p>\n

Habermas J., 1988, L\u2019espace public: arch\u00e9ologie de la publicit\u00e9 comme dimension constitutive de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 bourgeoise<\/i>, Paris, Payot (Critique de la politique Payot), 324\u00a0p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Katz E., Lazarsfeld P.F., 2008 [1955], Influence personnelle: Ce que les gens font des m\u00e9dias<\/i>, Paris; Paris, A. Colin\u202f; INA. Institut national de l\u2019audiovisuel.<\/span><\/p>\n

Katz E., 2009, \u00ab\u00a0The End of Television?\u00a0\u00bb, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science<\/i>, 625<\/i>, 1, p.\u00a06\u201118.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kumar S., 2019, \u00ab\u00a0The algorithmic dance: YouTube\u2019s Adpocalypse and the gatekeeping of cultural content on digital platforms\u00a0\u00bb, Internet Policy Review<\/i>, 8<\/i>, 2.<\/span><\/p>\n

Origgi G., 2013, \u00ab\u00a0Democracy and Trust in the Age of the Social Web\u00a0\u00bb, dans Bovero M. (dir.), Teoria Politica – Nuova Serie – Annali III<\/i>, Madrid, Marcial Pons, p.\u00a023\u201138.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. La libert\u00e9 d\u2019expression, de la presse de masse \u00e0 Internet<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n

La libert\u00e9 d\u2019expression est proclam\u00e9e, entre autres, \u00e0 l\u2019article 10 de la Convention europ\u00e9enne de sauvegarde des droits de l\u2019Homme et des libert\u00e9s fondamentales et, aux \u00c9tats-Unis, par le Premier amendement \u00e0 la Constitution. Les deux textes divergent pourtant sur des points essentiels. Ainsi, m\u00eame au sein des d\u00e9mocraties lib\u00e9rales, la libert\u00e9 d\u2019expression ne va pas de soi. Nous parlerons de l\u2019histoire de cette libert\u00e9 d\u2019expression, de ses fondements juridiques, et nous parlerons des \u00e9volutions juridiques et des controverses politiques contemporaines qui portent sur le contr\u00f4le de l\u2019espace public en ligne.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lectures conseill\u00e9es<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Badouard R., 2020, <\/span><\/span>Les nouvelles lois du web: mod\u00e9ration et censure<\/i><\/span><\/span>, Paris, Seuil.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Bird K., 2001, \u00ab<\/span><\/span>\u00a0L\u2019impossible r\u00e9glementation des propos \u00e0 caract\u00e8re raciste aux \u00c9tats-unis\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>Revue fran\u00e7aise de droit constitutionnel<\/i><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>46<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 2, p.\u00a0265\u2011287.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Coslin C.<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>Curien N.<\/span><\/span>, 2014, \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019efficacit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger des d\u00e9cisions fran\u00e7aises en mati\u00e8re de communication\u00a0: le cas des \u00c9tats-Unis et du Premier Amendement\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>LEGICOM<\/i><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>52<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 1, p.\u00a077\u201187.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dahlgren P.<\/span><\/span>, 1994, \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019espace public et les m\u00e9dias\u202f: une \u00e8re nouvelle\u202f?\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>Herm\u00e8s<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 13\u201114, p.\u00a0243.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Derieux E.<\/span><\/span>, 2014, \u00ab\u00a0Une exclusion non l\u00e9galement justifi\u00e9e. Tr\u00e8s favorable aux m\u00e9dias et pr\u00e9judiciable aux victimes d\u2019abus de la libert\u00e9 d\u2019expression\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>LEGICOM<\/i><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>52<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 1, p.\u00a015\u201122.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Fran\u00e7ois L., 2014, \u00ab<\/span><\/span>\u00a0Les droits nationaux de la libert\u00e9 d\u2019expression et le principe europ\u00e9en de proportionnalit\u00e9\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>LEGICOM<\/i><\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> 52<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 1, p.\u00a0101\u2011107.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pigeat H.<\/span><\/span>, 2003, \u00ab\u00a0Libert\u00e9 de la presse, qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019information. \u00c0 la recherche d\u2019une autor\u00e9gulation\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>Commentaire<\/i><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>Num\u00e9ro 104<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 4, p.\u00a0961\u2011968.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00e9guer<\/span><\/span> F., 2019, <\/span><\/span>L\u2019utopie d\u00e9chue: une contre-histoire d\u2019Internet, XVe-XXIe si\u00e8cle<\/i><\/span><\/span>, Paris, Fayard.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Weiss M.-A., 2014, \u00ab\u00a0Libert\u00e9 d\u2019expression sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux. Regards crois\u00e9s \u00c9tats-Unis\/Europe\u00a0\u00bb, Documentaliste-Sciences de l\u2019Information<\/i>, Vol.\u00a051<\/i>, 3, p.\u00a020\u201122.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Technologie, \u00e9conomie et soci\u00e9t\u00e9\u00a0: les mutations contemporaines des sciences et du capitalisme<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n

Le milieu technique d\u00e9termine-t-il une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et sa culture, ou ses derni\u00e8res d\u00e9terminent-elles le milieu technique\u00a0? Difficile de s\u2019extraire de ce dilemme de l\u2019\u0153uf ou de la poule. Nous \u00e9tudierons quelques th\u00e9ories issues de la sociologie et de la philosophie des sciences et des techniques pour comprendre la relation entre technologie et soci\u00e9t\u00e9, puis nous verrons ce que les th\u00e9ories \u00e9conomiques et socio-\u00e9conomiques nous apprennent des mutations du capitalisme contemporain, lesquelles prennent appui sur les (pour partie nouvelles) possibilit\u00e9s offertes par le milieu technique.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lectures conseill\u00e9es<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Bachimont B., 2010, <\/span>Le sens de la technique: le num\u00e9rique et le calcul<\/i><\/span>, Paris, Belles lettres (Encre marine), 185\u00a0p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Beck U.<\/span>, 2008, <\/span>La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 du risque<\/i><\/span>, Paris, Flammarion.<\/span><\/p>\n

Boullier D., 2015, \u00ab<\/span>\u00a0Les sciences sociales face aux traces du Big Data\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span>Revue fran\u00e7aise de science politique<\/i><\/span>, 5-6, p.\u00a0805\u2011828.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bourdeloie H.<\/span>, 2014, \u00ab\u00a0Ce que le num\u00e9rique fait aux sciences humaines et sociales. \u00e9pist\u00e9mologie, m\u00e9thodes et outils en questions\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span>tic&soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/i><\/span>, Vol. 7, N\u00b0 2.<\/span><\/p>\n

Boyadjian J., 2014, \u00ab\u00a0Twitter, un nouveau \u00ab\u202fbarom\u00e8tre de l\u2019opinion publique\u202f\u00bb\u202f?\u00a0\u00bb, Participations<\/i>, 8, 1, p.\u00a055.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cardon D.<\/span>, <\/span>Casilli A.A.<\/span>, 2015, <\/span>Qu\u2019est-ce que le digital labor\u202f?<\/i><\/span>, Bry-sur-Marne, INA.<\/span><\/p>\n

Castells M.<\/span><\/span>, 2001, <\/span><\/span>La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 en r\u00e9seaux. Tome 1\u202f: l\u2019\u00e8re de l\u2019information<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 2e \u00e9dition, Paris, Fayard.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cecere G., Guel F.L., Rochelandet F., 2015, <\/span><\/span>\u00ab\u00a0Les mod\u00e8les d\u2019affaires num\u00e9riques sont-ils trop indiscrets\u202f?, Are digital business models too indiscreet?\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>R\u00e9seaux<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 189, p.\u00a077\u2011101.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ellul J.<\/span><\/span>, 2004, <\/span><\/span>Le syst\u00e8me technicien<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 2e \u00e9dition, Paris, Cherche Midi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Jaur\u00e9guiberry F.<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>Proulx S.<\/span><\/span>, 2011, <\/span><\/span>Usages et enjeux des technologies de communication<\/i><\/span><\/span>, Toulouse, \u00e9r\u00e8s.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Latouche S., 2012, <\/span><\/span>L\u2019\u00c2ge des limites<\/i><\/span><\/span>, Paris, Fayard\/Mille et une nuits, 152\u00a0p.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Moulier Boutang Y., 2007, Le capitalisme cognitif. La nouvelle grande transformation., Paris, Editions Amsterdam.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mumford L., 1964, \u00ab\u00a0Authoritarian and Democratic Technics\u00a0\u00bb, Technology and Culture<\/i>, 5<\/i>, 1, p.\u00a01\u20118.<\/span><\/p>\n

Winner L., 1980, \u00ab\u00a0Do Artifacts Have Politics?\u00a0\u00bb, Daedalus<\/i>, 109<\/i>, 1, p.\u00a0121\u2011136.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. De la protection des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel au droit de l\u2019intelligence artificielle\u00a0?<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n

Le traitement automatis\u00e9 de donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel, parfois pour alimenter des algorithmes de prise de d\u00e9cision automatis\u00e9e qui peuvent \u00eatre, selon les d\u00e9finitions, des algorithmes dits d\u2019intelligence artificielle, facilite grandement la surveillance et des modalit\u00e9s de contr\u00f4le des individus et des groupes. La gouvernementalit\u00e9 algorithmique, d\u00e9crite par Antoinette Rouvroy et Thomas Berns, et la culture de la surveillance, d\u00e9crite par David Lyon, r\u00e9sultent certes de mutations institutionnelles, politiques et sociales propres \u00e0 la modernit\u00e9 liquide th\u00e9oris\u00e9e par Zygmunt Bauman, qui transforment en profondeur nos fa\u00e7ons de construire la confiance en faisant de plus en plus reposer cette derni\u00e8re sur le calcul et le profilage. La vie priv\u00e9e est-elle pour autant condamn\u00e9e \u00e0 une lente agonie\u00a0? En partant d\u2019une discussion de la d\u00e9finition de la \u00ab\u00a0vie priv\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb et de son rapport au milieu technique et \u00e0 ses \u00e9volutions, nous verrons comment celle-ci peut \u00eatre con\u00e7ue comme l\u2019objet du droit \u00e0 la vie priv\u00e9e. Cela nous am\u00e8nera \u00e0 \u00e9tudier le droit de la protection des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel\u00a0: ses grandes d\u00e9finitions, ses grands principes, les droits des personnes concern\u00e9es, la r\u00e9glementation des transferts, et l\u2019approche dite par le risque.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lectures conseill\u00e9es<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Acquisti A.<\/span>, <\/span>Gross R.<\/span>, 2006, \u00ab\u00a0Imagined Communities: Awareness, Information Sharing, and Privacy on the Facebook\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span>Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Privacy Enhancing Technologies<\/i><\/span>, p.\u00a036\u201158.<\/span><\/p>\n

Alloing C.<\/span>, 2016, \u00ab\u00a0La sousveillance: Vers un renseignement ordinaire\u202f?\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span>Herm\u00e8s<\/i><\/span>, 76, p.\u00a068\u201176.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cardon D.<\/span>, 2012, \u00ab\u00a0Le parler priv\u00e9-public des r\u00e9seaux sociaux d\u2019Internet\u00a0\u00bb, dans <\/span>Proulx S.<\/span>, <\/span>Millette M.<\/span>, <\/span>Heaton L.<\/span> (dirs.), <\/span>M\u00e9dias sociaux. Enjeux pour la communication<\/i><\/span>, Qu\u00e9bec, Presses de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, p.\u00a033\u201145.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cl\u00e9ment-Fontaine M., 2017, \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019union du droit \u00e0 la protection des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel et du droit \u00e0 la vie priv\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb, LEGICOM<\/i>, N\u00b0 59<\/i>, 2, p.\u00a061\u201168.<\/span><\/p>\n

Englehardt S.<\/span>, <\/span>Narayanan A.<\/span>, 2016, \u00ab\u00a0Online Tracking:A 1-million-site Measurement and Analysis\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span>ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security<\/i><\/span>, https:\/\/www.cs.princeton.edu\/~arvindn\/publications\/OpenWPM_1_million_site_tracking_measurement.pdf<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gellert R., 2015, \u00ab\u00a0Data protection: a risk regulation? Between the risk management of everything and the precautionary alternative\u00a0\u00bb, International Data Privacy Law<\/i>, 5<\/i>, 1, p.\u00a03\u201119.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gray C.<\/span>, <\/span>Santos C.<\/span>, <\/span>Bielova N.<\/span>, <\/span>Toth M.<\/span>, <\/span>Clifford D.<\/span>, 2021, \u00ab\u00a0Dark Patterns and the Legal Requirements of Consent Banners: An Interaction Criticism Perspective\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span>ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems<\/i><\/span>, https:\/\/hal.inria.fr\/hal-03117307<\/a> .<\/span><\/p>\n

Goupy M.<\/span>, 2014, \u00ab\u00a0La bienveillante neutralit\u00e9 des technologies d\u2019espionnage des communications\u202f: le cas tunisien\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span>Cultures & Conflits<\/i><\/span>, 93, p.\u00a0109\u2011124.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jones R.<\/span>, <\/span>Raab C.<\/span>, <\/span>Sz\u00e9kely I.<\/span>, 2018, \u00ab\u00a0Surveillance and resilience: Relationships, dynamics, and consequences\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span>Democracy and Security<\/i><\/span>, p.\u00a01\u201138.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khatchatourov A., 2018, \u00ab\u00a0La confiance dans le num\u00e9rique. Des signes ext\u00e9rieurs vers la r\u00e9gulation de soi.\u00a0\u00bb, dans Levallois-Barth C. (dir.), Signes de confiance, l\u2019impact des labels sur la gestion des donn\u00e9es personnelles<\/i>, Paris, Telecom ParisTech (Chaire et Valeurs des Politiques des Informations Personnelles), p.\u00a05\u201120.<\/span><\/p>\n

Luk\u00e1cs A., 2016, \u00ab\u00a0What is Privacy? The History and Definition of Privacy\u00a0\u00bb Keresztes G. (dir.), Tavaszi Sz\u00e9l 2016 Tanulm\u00e1nyk\u00f6tet I.<\/i>, p.\u00a0256\u2011265.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lyon D., 2015, Surveillance After Snowden<\/i>, Cambridge, Mass., Polity Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mattatia F.<\/span><\/span>, 2018, <\/span><\/span>RGPD et droit des donn\u00e9es personnelles<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 3e \u00e9dition, Paris, Eyrolles.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Musiani F.<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>Schafer V.<\/span><\/span>, 2011, \u00ab\u00a0Le mod\u00e8le Internet en question (ann\u00e9es 1970-2010)\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>Flux<\/i><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>n\u00b0 85<\/i><\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/span>86<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 3, p.\u00a062.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Newman A.<\/span><\/span>, 2008, <\/span><\/span>Protectors of Privacy. Regulating Personal Data in the Global Economy<\/i><\/span><\/span>, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Rochelandet F.<\/span><\/span>, 2010, <\/span><\/span>\u00c9conomie des donn\u00e9es personnelles et de la vie priv\u00e9e<\/i><\/span><\/span>, Paris, D\u00e9couverte.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Rossi J., 2018, <\/span><\/span>\u00ab\u00a0Qu\u2019est-ce que le droit \u00e0 la protection des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel\u202f?\u00a0\u00bb, Working Paper, <\/span><\/span>Geopolitics of Risk Working Papers<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 1\/2018, Paris, Chaire de g\u00e9opolitique du risque de l\u2019Ecole normale sup\u00e9rieure<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk A., 2011, <\/span>La vie priv\u00e9e en p\u00e9ril: des citoyens sous contr\u00f4le<\/i><\/span>, Paris, Odile Jacob, 269\u00a0p.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Rouvroy A.<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>Berns T.<\/span><\/span>, 2013, \u00ab\u00a0Gouvernementalit\u00e9 algorithmique et perspectives d\u2019\u00e9mancipation: Le disparate comme condition d\u2019individuation par la relation\u202f?\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>R\u00e9seaux<\/i><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>177<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 1, p.\u00a0163.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Simon B.<\/span><\/span>, 2002, \u00ab\u00a0The Return of Panopticism: Supervision, Subjection and the New Surveillance\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>Surveillance & Society<\/i><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>3<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 1.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Vitalis A., Mattelart A., 2014, Le profilage des populations: Du livret ouvrier au cybercontr\u00f4le<\/i>, Paris, La D\u00e9couverte, 156\u00a0p.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. De la gouvernance d\u2019Internet<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n

Internet est-il gouvern\u00e9\u00a0? Souvent, la r\u00e9ponse de sens commun, tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pandue, est de dire que non. Internet serait une zone de non-droit. Le \u00ab\u00a0Dark Web\u00a0\u00bb fait particuli\u00e8rement peur, et diff\u00e9rents \u00c9tats appellent, r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement, \u00e0 reconqu\u00e9rir leur souverainet\u00e9 dans le \u00ab\u00a0cyberespace.\u00a0\u00bb Or, m\u00eame s\u2019il est vrai qu\u2019Internet ne fait pas l\u2019objet d\u2019un gouvernement<\/i>, il fait n\u00e9anmoins l\u2019objet d\u2019une gouvernance<\/i>, multi-niveaux, multi-acteurs. Quels sont les ar\u00e8nes, les acteurs et les instruments de cette gouvernance\u00a0? Nous r\u00e9pondrons \u00e0 ces questions apr\u00e8s avoir, d\u2019abord, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 les grands principes de fonctionnement d\u2019Internet, dont la compr\u00e9hension est incontournable pour comprendre les enjeux et ma\u00eetriser les instruments de cette gouvernance.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lectures conseill\u00e9es<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Bing J., 2009, <\/span><\/span>\u00ab\u00a0Building cyberspace: a brief history of Internet\u00a0\u00bb, dans <\/span><\/span>Internet Governance: Infrastructure and Institutions<\/i><\/span><\/span>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.\u00a08\u201147.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Bray F.<\/span><\/span>, 2007, \u00ab\u00a0Gender and Technology\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>Annual Review of Anthropology<\/i><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>36<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 1, p.\u00a037\u201153.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Broca S., 2013, <\/span>Utopie du logiciel libre\u202f; du bricolage informatique \u00e0 la r\u00e9invention sociale<\/i><\/span>, Neuvy-en-Champagne, Le passager clandestin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Conseil d<\/span>\u2019\u00c9tat (France), <\/span><\/span>2017.<\/span><\/span> Puissance publique et plateformes num\u00e9riques\u00a0: accompagner l\u2019\u00ab\u00a0ub\u00e9risation\u00a0\u00bb.<\/i><\/span><\/span> \u00c9tude annuelle. <\/span><\/span>Paris, <\/span><\/span>D<\/span><\/span>irection de l’information l\u00e9gale et administrative<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Doty N., Mulligan D.K., 2013, <\/span><\/span>\u00ab\u00a0Internet Multistakeholder Processes and Techno-Policy Standards.\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>11<\/i><\/span><\/span>, p.\u00a0135\u2011184.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Flichy P.<\/span><\/span>, 2001, <\/span><\/span>L\u2019imaginaire d\u2019Internet<\/i><\/span><\/span>, Paris, D\u00e9couverte (Sciences et soci\u00e9t\u00e9), 272\u00a0p.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kleinw\u00e4chter W.<\/span><\/span>, 2012, \u00ab\u00a0Internet, soci\u00e9t\u00e9s civiles et gouvernements\u202f: cohabitation ou choc des cultures\u202f?\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>Politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/i><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>Et\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 2, p.\u00a0263\u2011275.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Lessig L.<\/span><\/span>, 2000, \u00ab\u00a0Code Is Law\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>Harvard Magazine<\/i><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>http:\/\/harvardmagazine.com\/2000\/01\/code-is-law-html<\/span><\/a> .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Loveluck B.<\/span><\/span>, 2015, \u00ab\u00a0Internet, une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 contre l\u2019\u00c9tat\u202f?\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>R\u00e9seaux<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 192, p.\u00a0235\u2011270.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Massit<\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/span>Folea<\/span><\/span>, Fran\u00e7oise. <\/span><\/span>La r\u00e9gulation de l\u2019internet : fictions et frictions<\/i><\/span><\/span> In : <\/span><\/span>Les d\u00e9bats du num\u00e9rique<\/i><\/span><\/span>. Paris:Presses des Mines, 2013<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Rossi J.<\/span><\/span>, 2020, \u00ab\u00a0What rules the Internet? A study of the troubled relation between web standards and legal instruments in the field of privacy\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span><\/span>2020 Annual Giga-Net Symposium<\/i><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>https:\/\/www.giga-net.org\/2020symposiumPaper\/Rossi.pdf<\/span><\/a> .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sire G., 2017, \u00ab\u00a0Gouverner le HTML\u00a0\u00bb, R\u00e9seaux<\/i>, 206, p.\u00a037\u201160.<\/span><\/p>\n

Timmers, P., 2018, \u00ab\u00a0The European Union\u2019s cybersecurity industrial policy\u00a0\u00bb, Journal of Cyber Policy<\/i>, vol. 3, nr. 3, p. 363 \u2013 384.<\/span><\/p>\n

Turner F., 2008, From counterculture to cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the rise of digital utopianism<\/i>, 1. paperback ed, Chicago, Ill., Univ. of Chicago Pr, 327\u00a0p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Evaluation finale<\/b><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n