{"id":272,"date":"2017-12-14T23:54:13","date_gmt":"2017-12-14T22:54:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.julienrossi.com\/blog\/?p=272"},"modified":"2017-12-15T12:07:44","modified_gmt":"2017-12-15T11:07:44","slug":"la-genese-de-la-donnee-personnelle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.julienrossi.com\/blog\/2017\/12\/14\/la-genese-de-la-donnee-personnelle\/","title":{"rendered":"La gen\u00e8se de la notion de donn\u00e9e personnelle"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c0 l&#8217;heure o\u00f9 le gouvernement fran\u00e7ais \u00e9tudie le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichLoiPreparation.do;jsessionid=AD5660270AD9F70B94275AC823321680.tplgfr22s_3?idDocument=JORFDOLE000036195293&amp;type=contenu&amp;id=2&amp;typeLoi=proj&amp;legislature=15\">projet de loi relatif \u00e0 la protection des donn\u00e9es<\/a> qui a vocation \u00e0 adapter le droit fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 l&#8217;entr\u00e9e en vigueur le 25 mai 2018 du R\u00e8glement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de protection donn\u00e9es, y a-t-il encore d\u00e9bat sur la question de savoir ce qu&#8217;est une donn\u00e9e \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel ?<\/p>\n<p>Selon 27% des \u00e9tudiants d&#8217;un cours de protection des donn\u00e9es en licence d&#8217;informatique \u00e0 l&#8217;Universit\u00e9 de technologie de Budapest <span class=\"footnote_referrer\" ><a><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_1');\" >[1]<\/sup ><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\" >Ce terrain fera l&#8217;objet d&#8217;un compte-rendu \u00e0 part<\/span ><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> ces donn\u00e9es ne recouvrent que les informations que les personnes auxquelles elles se r\u00e9f\u00e8rent ne partageraient pas volontiers. Certes, cela est bien loin d&#8217;\u00eatre suffisant pour conclure, comme le font certains auteurs, que les informaticiens ne consid\u00e8rent comme des donn\u00e9es personnelles que les donn\u00e9es relevant de l&#8217;intime, au contraire des juristes pour qui par d\u00e9finition toutes les donn\u00e9es relatives \u00e0 une personne, quelles qu&#8217;elles soient, sont des donn\u00e9es personnelles.<\/p>\n<p>Outre la proportion malgr\u00e9 tout non n\u00e9gligeable de ces \u00e9tudiants et \u00e9tudiantes \u00e0 qui il ne semblait pas, spontan\u00e9ment, que la notion juridique de donn\u00e9e \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel ne couvrait que les donn\u00e9es sensibles, un autre exemple qui montre la pertinence de la r\u00e9flexion autour de la d\u00e9finition de ce qu&#8217;est une donn\u00e9e \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel sont les d\u00e9bats qui ont eu lieu autour de la notion de \u00ab tracking \u00bb au sein du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2011\/tracking-protection\/\">Tracking Protection Working Group du W3C<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Ce groupe, mis en place en 2011, \u00e9dite une sp\u00e9cification technique permettant \u00e0 un navigateur de communiquer \u00e0 un site web la volont\u00e9 de l&#8217;internaute de ne pas \u00eatre trac\u00e9. Un d\u00e9bat, par ailleurs tout \u00e0 fait n\u00e9cessaire, a consid\u00e9rablement ralenti les travaux de ce groupe : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2011\/tracking-protection\/track\/issues\/5\">qu&#8217;est-ce qui constitue une action de \u00ab tracking \u00bb ?<\/a> La simple collecte par un algorithme de donn\u00e9es est-il du tra\u00e7age ? Ou bien faut-il que les donn\u00e9es collect\u00e9es par le site web effectuant une telle action soient affich\u00e9es \u00e0 un \u00eatre humain ? Faut-il qu&#8217;il y ait pr\u00e9judice pour qu&#8217;il y ait tra\u00e7age ?<\/p>\n<p>En Europe, la CJUE nous dit clairement qu&#8217;il ne faut pas confondre donn\u00e9e personnelle avec information relative \u00e0 la vie priv\u00e9e :<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab <span id=\"pagePrincipale\">les notions de \u00abdonn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel\u00bb, au sens de l\u2019article\u00a02, sous\u00a0a), du r\u00e8glement n\u00ba\u00a045\/2001, et de \u00abdonn\u00e9es relatives \u00e0 la vie priv\u00e9e\u00bb ne se confondent pas<\/span> \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\" ><a><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_2');\" >[2]<\/sup ><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\" >CJUE 16 juillet 2015 \u00ab ClienthEarth\u00bb Aff. C-615\/13 P pt. 32<\/span ><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Mais une fois que nous avons pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 que les donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel, en droit europ\u00e9en, concernent tant les informations sur l&#8217;intimit\u00e9 d&#8217;une personne que toute autre donn\u00e9e se r\u00e9f\u00e9rant \u00e0 elle <span class=\"footnote_referrer\" ><a><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_3');\" >[3]<\/sup ><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\" >Par exemple son CV son LinkedIn est une donn\u00e9e \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel m\u00eame si les informations qui y sont mises \u00e0 la disposition du public ne rel\u00e8vent en aucun cas de son intimit\u00e9<\/span ><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, il faut s&#8217;interroger sur la nature de ce lien.<\/p>\n<p>En effet, Paul Ohm, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uclalawreview.org\/pdf\/57-6-3.pdf\">dans un article de 2010 d\u00e9non\u00e7ant le \u00ab mythe de l&#8217;anonymat robuste \u00bb<\/a> rappelle que m\u00eame en supprimant certains identifiants comme le nom ou le num\u00e9ro de t\u00e9l\u00e9phone d&#8217;une personne, il est bien souvent possible, par croisement entre jeux de donn\u00e9es, de retrouver la personne concern\u00e9e. Par exemple, <a href=\"http:\/\/latanyasweeney.org\/work\/identifiability.html\">selon une \u00e9tude de Latanya Sweeney<\/a>, 87% de la population des Etats-Unis est identifiable \u00e0 partir du code postal, du sexe et de l&#8217;\u00e2ge de la personne, m\u00eame sans conna\u00eetre son nom.<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;article 4 du R\u00e8glement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de protection des donn\u00e9es dit qu&#8217;est une donn\u00e9e personnelle \u00ab\u00a0toute information se rapportant \u00e0 une personne physique <strong>identifi\u00e9e ou identifiable<\/strong> (ci-apr\u00e8s d\u00e9nomm\u00e9e \u00abpersonne concern\u00e9e\u00bb) ; est r\u00e9put\u00e9e \u00eatre une \u00abpersonne physique identifiable\u00bb une personne physique qui peut \u00eatre identifi\u00e9e, <strong>directement ou indirectement<\/strong> [&#8230;] \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>D&#8217;o\u00f9 vient une d\u00e9finition aussi large, qui semble aller au-del\u00e0 de la simple protection de la vie priv\u00e9e ? <span class=\"footnote_referrer\" ><a><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_4');\" >[4]<\/sup ><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\" >Et ce n&#8217;est d&#8217;ailleurs pas une simple illusion d&#8217;optique puisque, depuis l&#8217;adoption de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l&#8217;Union europ\u00e9enne, il existe un droit \u00e0 la&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_4');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span ><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>La d\u00e9finition la plus ancienne de la notion de \u00ab donn\u00e9e \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel \u00bb remonte au projet de loi f\u00e9d\u00e9rale allemande de protection des donn\u00e9es de 1972, qui proposait la d\u00e9finition suivante :<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab By \u00ab\u00a0personal data\u00a0\u00bb are meant particulars concerning the<strong> personal or material condition<\/strong> of an identified or identifiable <strong>natural or juristic person<\/strong> in private law or of an <strong>identified or identifiable association of persons<\/strong> (hereinafter termed \u00ab\u00a0the person concerned\u00a0\u00bb). Public undertakings, services or administrative bodies exercising similar functions, which are or belong to public-law corporations, shall be considered equivalent to the persons referred to in sentence 1. \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\" ><a><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_5');\" >[5]<\/sup ><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\" >Bill on protection against the misuse of personal in data protection (translation of\u00a0: Referentenentwurf Bundes-Datenschutzgesetz). Conseil de l&#8217;Europe. EPX\/Prot.Priv.\/EDB (73) 2<\/span ><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Dans cette premi\u00e8re version, la protection des donn\u00e9es se serait aussi appliqu\u00e9e \u00e0 des groupes de personnes, comme les personnes morales. Si les termes \u00ab identifi\u00e9e ou identifiable \u00bb apparaissent d\u00e9j\u00e0, un article de cette proposition excluait du champ d&#8217;application de la protection des donn\u00e9es les informations publiquement accessibles :<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab Section 3 (2)\u00a0: Nothing in this Act shall be construed as protecting personal data which can be directly obtained from generally accessible sources \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\" ><a><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_6');\" >[6]<\/sup ><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\" >Bill on protection against the misuse of personal in data protection (translation of\u00a0: Referentenentwurf Bundes-Datenschutzgesetz). Conseil de l&#8217;Europe. EPX\/Prot.Priv.\/EDB (73) 2<\/span ><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Quelques mois plus tard, en novembre 1972, Jean-Paul COSTA proposa la d\u00e9finition suivante :<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00abdata [\u2026] <strong>as relates to the private life or privacy of individuals whom it concerns<\/strong>, and particularly information concerning their race, religion, political opinions, morals, health or past judicial record\u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\" ><a><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_7');\" >[7]<\/sup ><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\" >Appendix V Convention on transnational data banks in the private sector. Preleminary draft proposed by Mr. J.P. COSTA, French expert. EXP\/Prot.Priv.\/EDB (72) 17 Council of Europe<\/span ><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Cette d\u00e9finition, qui ne pr\u00e9cise pas si elle couvre les donn\u00e9es indirectement identifiantes, exclue les donn\u00e9es relatives aux personnes morales mais aussi toutes les informations ne portant pas sur la vie priv\u00e9e ou l&#8217;intimit\u00e9 des personnes du champ de la protection.<\/p>\n<p>D&#8217;une certaine fa\u00e7on, la loi su\u00e9doise de protection des donn\u00e9es, adopt\u00e9e en 1973, r\u00e9sout la question par le choix de la simplicit\u00e9. Une donn\u00e9e personnelle, c&#8217;est, tout simplement :<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab Information relating to an individual \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\" ><a><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_8');\" >[8]<\/sup ><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\" >Proposition nr. 33 \u00e5r 1973, devenue Datalag 1973:289 apr\u00e8s adoption<\/span ><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>D\u00e9finition reprise ensuite par les recommandations de 1973 et de 1974 du Conseil de l&#8217;Europe, pour qui une donn\u00e9e personnelle est :<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab information relating to individuals (physical persons) \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\" ><a><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_9');\" >[9]<\/sup ><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\" >Council of Europe Resolution 73 (22) On the protection of the privacy of individuals vis-\u00e0-vis electronic data banks in the private sector et Council of Europe Resolution 74 (29) On the protection&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_9');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span ><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Le Privacy Act de 1974, aux Etats-Unis, ne remettra pas cela en cause mais limitera la protection aux seuls citoyens des Etats-Unis et aux r\u00e9sidents.<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;article 4 de la loi informatique et libert\u00e9s fran\u00e7aise, adopt\u00e9e en 1978, est une \u00e9tape entre la d\u00e9finition minimaliste de la loi su\u00e9doise et la d\u00e9finition que nous connaissons aujourd&#8217;hui dans le RGPD. En effet, elle r\u00e9introduit la notion d&#8217;identification directe ou indirecte :<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab les informations qui permettent, <strong>sous quelque forme que ce soit, directement ou non<\/strong>, l&#8217;identification des personnes physiques auxquelles elles s&#8217;appliquent, que le traitement soit effectu\u00e9 par une personne physique ou par une personne morale \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\" ><a><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_10');\" >[10]<\/sup ><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\" >Art. 4 de la loi n\u00b0 78-17 du 6 janvier 1978 relative \u00e0 l&#8217;informatique, aux fichiers et aux libert\u00e9s dans sa version d&#8217;origine<\/span ><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Cette d\u00e9finition est reprise par les lignes directrices de l&#8217;OCDE de 1980 :<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab toute information relative \u00e0 une personne physique identifi\u00e9e ou identifiable (personne concern\u00e9e) \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\" ><a><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_11');\" >[11]<\/sup ><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\" >RECOMMANDATION DU CONSEIL CONCERNANT LES LIGNES DIRECTRICES REGISSANT LA PROTECTION DE LA VIE PRIVEE ET LES FLUX TRANSFRONTIERES DE DONNEES DE CARACTERE PERSONNEL<\/span ><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Ces m\u00eames lignes directrices pr\u00e9cisent cependant qu&#8217;elles ne sont applicables que lorsque la collecte de donn\u00e9es personnelles porte atteinte aux droits et libert\u00e9s des personnes :<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab Les pr\u00e9sentes lignes directrices s&#8217;appliquent aux donn\u00e9es de caract\u00e8re personnel, dans les secteurs public et priv\u00e9, qui, compte tenu de leur mode de traitement, de leur nature ou du contexte dans lequel elles sont utilis\u00e9es, comportent un danger pour la vie priv\u00e9e et les libert\u00e9s individuelles. \u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Ceci permit un compromis obtenu pendant les n\u00e9gociations sur ce texte par le pr\u00e9sident australien du groupe d&#8217;experts de l&#8217;OCDE l&#8217;ayant r\u00e9dig\u00e9. Per\u00e7u comme neutre dans un d\u00e9bat opposant la position am\u00e9ricaine, d\u00e9favorable \u00e0 un droit \u00e0 la protection des donn\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, et la position fran\u00e7aise, d\u00e9fendant le consensus qui s&#8217;\u00e9tait d\u00e9gag\u00e9 au cours des discussions au sein du Conseil de l&#8217;Europe, il avait \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lu \u00e0 la t\u00eate de ce groupe.<\/p>\n<p>Tout est donc question d&#8217;interpr\u00e9tation. Si dans la jurisprudence de la CJUE la collecte de donn\u00e9es personnelles constitue en soi une ing\u00e9rence dans le droit \u00e0 la vie priv\u00e9e, ce n&#8217;est pas n\u00e9cessairement le cas aux Etats-Unis, o\u00f9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de d\u00e9montrer un pr\u00e9judice, remontant \u00e0 la cat\u00e9gorisation des \u00abprivacy torts\u00bb de William Prosser, est plus forte (ce qui explique en partie les d\u00e9bats au W3C sur la notion de \u00ab tracking \u00bb mentionn\u00e9s plus haut, d&#8217;ailleurs).<\/p>\n<p>Quoi qu&#8217;il en soit, si l&#8217;on se situe uniquement en Europe &#8211; ce qui exclue donc le texte de l&#8217;OCDE &#8211; nous voyons une confirmation dans le temps et au fil des multiples r\u00e9dactions (dans la convention 108 du Conseil de l&#8217;Europe, la directive de 1995, puis dans le RGPD) de la d\u00e9finition qui s&#8217;est cristallis\u00e9e \u00e0 partir de la d\u00e9finition fran\u00e7aise de 1978. Cette d\u00e9finition exclue les personnes morales (sauf au Liechtenstein), le droit des donn\u00e9es personnelles s&#8217;\u00e9tant rattach\u00e9 au droit de la personnalit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>A partir des ann\u00e9es 1990, cette d\u00e9finition s&#8217;imposa m\u00eame comme un standard assez r\u00e9pandu. Cela est vrai m\u00eame dans l&#8217;univers de la standardisation technique. Ainsi, selon la RFC 6973 \u00e9dit\u00e9e par l&#8217;IETF, une donn\u00e9e personnelle est :<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab information relating to an identified or identifiable individual \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\" ><a><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_12');\" >[12]<\/sup ><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc6973\">RFC 6973<\/a><\/span ><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Elle s&#8217;est aussi r\u00e9pandue via des instruments l\u00e9gaux hors de l&#8217;Union europ\u00e9enne, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdp.sn\/sites\/default\/files\/Acte_add_donn%C3%A9es_personnelles_fr.pdf\">comme l&#8217;Acte additionnel de la CEDEAO sur la protection des donn\u00e9es<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Et m\u00eame la AmCham EU, chambre de commerce transatlantique faisant du lobbying aupr\u00e8s des institutions de l&#8217;Union, n&#8217;a cherch\u00e9, durant les d\u00e9bats sur le RGPD, qu&#8217;\u00e0 limiter la possibilit\u00e9 qu&#8217;une donn\u00e9e indirectement identifiante ne soit une donn\u00e9e personnelle qu&#8217;aux cas o\u00f9 cela est faisable par la personne d\u00e9tenant la donn\u00e9e :<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab information relating to a data subject that makes identification by the controller reasonably possible \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\" ><a><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_13');\" >[13]<\/sup ><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.laquadrature.net\/files\/DP_AmCham_EU_Proposed_Amendments_on_Data_Protection.pdf\">AmCham EU Proposed Amendments on the General Data Protection Regulation<\/a><\/span ><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Bien entendu, adopter cet amendement aurait consid\u00e9rablement compliqu\u00e9 la t\u00e2che des autorit\u00e9s de supervision, puisqu&#8217;il aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 leur charge de d\u00e9montrer qu&#8217;une entreprise est bel et bien capable d&#8217;identifier les individus sur lesquels elle d\u00e9tient des donn\u00e9es sans avoir n\u00e9cessairement leurs noms (mais par exemple : leur code postal, leur sexe et leur date de naissance, ce qui selon l&#8217;\u00e9tude pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment \u00e9voqu\u00e9e revient au m\u00eame dans pr\u00e8s de 90% des cas).<\/p>\n<p>Mais il n&#8217;a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9 et, de fait, la d\u00e9finition de ce qu&#8217;est une donn\u00e9e personnelle n&#8217;a, dans la loi, pas chang\u00e9 en Europe depuis les ann\u00e9es 1970.<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;on peut alors se demander : pourquoi une d\u00e9finition aussi large ? \u00c0 quoi cela sert-il d&#8217;imposer des contraintes sur la fa\u00e7on de collecter et de traiter des donn\u00e9es disponibles publiquement et qui ne portent pas sur l&#8217;intimit\u00e9 des gens ?<\/p>\n<p>Une piste de r\u00e9ponse est de se rappeler l&#8217;influence de la philosophie lib\u00e9rale utilitariste de John Stuart Mill sur les personnes ayant d\u00e9battu de ces questions dans les ann\u00e9es 1960 et 1970. Pour ce philosophe, chaque \u00eatre humain a le droit \u00e0 une sph\u00e8re de libert\u00e9 individuelle, dans laquelle il est libre de se d\u00e9faire des contraintes sociales pour vivre selon son utilit\u00e9, que lui seul est en mesure de d\u00e9finir. L&#8217;Etat ne peut se substituer \u00e0 l&#8217;individu pour d\u00e9terminer ce qui fait son bonheur. De la m\u00eame fa\u00e7on, ce n&#8217;est pas \u00e0 l&#8217;Etat de d\u00e9finir \u00e0 l&#8217;avance ce qu&#8217;un individu souhaite garder pour soi ou pas. Et le bonus dans l&#8217;histoire est alors de cr\u00e9er du droit qui puisse r\u00e9sister aux \u00e9volutions sociales en mati\u00e8re de fronti\u00e8re public \/ priv\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Une autre piste est l&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/228766754_The_Return_of_Panopticism_Supervision_Subjection_and_the_New_Surveillance\">influence de Foucault et de Deleuze, et de leurs r\u00e9flexions sur la surveillance panoptique et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de contr\u00f4le<\/a> sur la coalition de cause des militants et militantes de la protection des donn\u00e9es. L&#8217;id\u00e9e est que la collecte massive et informatis\u00e9e de donn\u00e9es, et leur traitement algorithmique, produit une r\u00e9troaction sur la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 capable instaurant une nouvelle forme de pouvoir qu&#8217;Antoinette Rouvroy nomme la <a href=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/7754512\/Gouvernementalit%C3%A9_algorithmique_et_perspectives_d%C3%A9mancipation_le_disparate_comme_condition_d%C3%A9mancipation_par_la_relation_Antoinette_Rouvroy_and_Thomas_Berns_\">gouvernementalit\u00e9 algorithmique<\/a>. Ainsi, que les donn\u00e9es collect\u00e9es rel\u00e8vent de l&#8217;intime ou non, si leur collecte aboutit \u00e0 terme \u00e0 une r\u00e9troaction limitant l&#8217;autonomie et la capacit\u00e9 d&#8217;action (<em>agency<\/em>) de l&#8217;individu, cela limite sa libert\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Une question en guise de conclusion : cette limitation est-elle une atteinte \u00e0 la vie priv\u00e9e en tant que le droit \u00e0 la vie priv\u00e9e comprend notamment <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rogerclarke.com\/DV\/PTyp-1701.html\">une dimension d&#8217;autonomie individuelle<\/a> ? Ou bien s&#8217;agit-il plut\u00f4t d&#8217;une atteinte \u00e0 un nouveau type de droit constitu\u00e9 par l&#8217;article 8 de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l&#8217;UE, qui garantit en plus d&#8217;un droit \u00e0 la vie priv\u00e9e d\u00e9crit \u00e0 l&#8217;article 7 un droit autonome \u00e0 la protection des donn\u00e9es ?<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>A noter<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Si les grandes lignes de la d\u00e9finition de ce qu&#8217;est une donn\u00e9e \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel, et donc de ce qui est prot\u00e9g\u00e9 par le droit fondamental \u00e0 la protection des donn\u00e9es, est stable en Europe depuis le milieu des ann\u00e9es 1970, cela ne veut pas dire qu&#8217;il n&#8217;a pas connu des \u00e9volutions \u00e0 la marge, notamment sur l&#8217;interpr\u00e9tation des mots \u00ab identifi\u00e9e ou identifiable \u00bb \u00ab directement ou indirectement \u00bb. S&#8217;agit-il de donn\u00e9es identifiables par la personne qui collecte et traite ces donn\u00e9es, en fonction des moyens \u00e0 sa disposition ? Ou bien parle-t-on dans l&#8217;absolu ? L&#8217;arr\u00eat Patrick Breyer de la CJUE concerne notamment cette question <span class=\"footnote_referrer\" ><a><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_14');\" >[14]<\/sup ><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\" ><a href=\"http:\/\/curia.europa.eu\/juris\/document\/document.jsf?docid=184668&amp;doclang=FR\">CJUE 19 octobre 2016 \u00ab Patrick Breyer contre Allemagne \u00bb Aff. C-582\/14<\/a><\/span ><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>Enfin, notons la <a href=\"https:\/\/edri.org\/files\/GDPR-key-issues-explained.pdf\">proposition de la f\u00e9d\u00e9ration d&#8217;ONG europ\u00e9ennes Digital Rights Europe<\/a> qui souhaitait, pendant les d\u00e9bats sur le RGPD, \u00e9tendre la d\u00e9finition de ce qu&#8217;est une donn\u00e9e personnelle \u00e0 tout jeu de donn\u00e9es dont il \u00e9tait possible de dire qu&#8217;il se r\u00e9f\u00e9rait \u00e0 la m\u00eame personne, m\u00eame si cette personne restait impossible \u00e0 identifier. Cette proposition n&#8217;a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 retenue. Il s&#8217;agit cependant de la d\u00e9finition adopt\u00e9e par l&#8217;agence am\u00e9ricaine USAID en 2016 :<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab Personally Identifiable Information (PII) means information <strong>which can be used to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">distinguish<\/span> or trace an individual&#8217;s identity<\/strong>, such as their name, social security number, biometric records, etc. alone, or when combined with other personal or identifying information which is linked or linkable to a specific individual, such as date and place of birth, mother\u2019s maiden name, etc. The definition of PII is not anchored to any single category of information or technology. Rather, it requires a case-by-case assessment of the specific risk that an individual can be identified. In performing this assessment, it is important for an agency to recognize that non-PII can become PII whenever additional information is made publicly available \u2014 in any medium and from any source \u2014 that, when combined with other available information, could be used to identify an individual \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\" ><a><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_reference_272_15');\" >[15]<\/sup ><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\" >USAID Privacy Threshold Analysis Template<\/span ><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_272_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Signe d&#8217;une future \u00e9volution ?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tableau des \u00e9volutions<\/strong> (non-exhaustif)<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<colgroup span=\"2\" width=\"85\"><\/colgroup>\n<colgroup width=\"188\"><\/colgroup>\n<colgroup width=\"179\"><\/colgroup>\n<colgroup width=\"469\"><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" height=\"17\">Date<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Nom de la notion dans le texte<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Texte<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Emplacement dans le texte<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Contenu de la d\u00e9finition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19720815<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Bill on protection against the misuse of personal in data protection (translation of\u00a0: Referentenentwurf Bundes-Datenschutzgesetz). Conseil de l&#8217;Europe. EPX\/Prot.Priv.\/EDB (73) 2<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Section 2<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">By \u00ab\u00a0personal data\u00a0\u00bb are meant particulars concerning the personal or material condition of an identified or identifiable natural or juristic person in private law or of an identified or identifiable association of persons (hereinafter termed \u00ab\u00a0the person concerned\u00a0\u00bb). Public undertakings, services or administrative bodies exercising similar functions, which are or belong to public-law corporations, shall be considered equivalent to the persons referred to in sentence 1.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19721122<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">information processed by data banks as relates to the private life or privacy of the individuals whom it concerns<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Appendix V Convention on transnational data banks in the private sector. Preleminary draft proposed by Mr. J.P. COSTA, French expert. EXP\/Prot.Priv.\/EDB (72) 17 Council of Europe<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 2<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">data [\u2026] as relates to the private life or privacy of individuals whom it concerns, and particularly information concerning their race, religion, political opinions, morals, health or past judicial record<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19730216<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personuppgift<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Proposition nr. 33 \u00e5r 1973, devenue Datalag 1973:289 apr\u00e8s adoption<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 1<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">upplysning som avser enskild person<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19730216<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Proposition nr. 33 \u00e5r 1973, devenue Datalag 1973:289 apr\u00e8s adoption<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 1<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">information relating to individual<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19730926<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal information<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Council of Europe Resolution 73 (22) On the protection of the privacy of individuals vis-\u00e0-vis electronic data banks in the private sector<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Annex<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">information relating to individuals (physical persons)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19740920<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal information<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Council of Europe Resolution 74 (29) On the protection of the privacy of individuals vis-\u00e0-vis electronic data banks in the public sector<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Annex<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">information relating to individuals (physical persons)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19741231<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">record<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">5 USC 552a. Privacy Act 1974<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">section (a)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">any item, collection, or grouping of information about an individual that is maintained by an agency, including, but not limited to. his education, financial transactions, medical history, and criminal or employment history and that contains his name, or the identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual such as a finger or voice print or a photograph<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19780106<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">donn\u00e9es nominatives<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Loi n\u00b0 78-17 du 6 janvier 1978 relative \u00e0 l&#8217;informatique, aux fichiers et aux libert\u00e9s<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 4<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">les informations qui permettent, sous quelque forme que ce soit, directement ou non, l&#8217;identification des personnes physiques auxquelles elles s&#8217;appliquent, que le traitement soit effectu\u00e9 par une personne physique ou par une personne morale<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19800923<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">donn\u00e9es de caract\u00e8re personnel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">RECOMMANDATION DU CONSEIL CONCERNANT LES LIGNES DIRECTRICES REGISSANT LA PROTECTION DE LA VIE PRIVEE ET LES FLUX TRANSFRONTIERES DE DONNEES DE CARACTERE PERSONNEL<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 1 sous b)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">toute information relative \u00e0 une personne physique identifi\u00e9e ou identifiable (personne concern\u00e9e)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19800923<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">RECOMMANDATION DU CONSEIL CONCERNANT LES LIGNES DIRECTRICES REGISSANT LA PROTECTION DE LA VIE PRIVEE ET LES FLUX TRANSFRONTIERES DE DONNEES DE CARACTERE PERSONNEL<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 1 sous b)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">any information relating to an identified or identifiable individual (data subject)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19810128<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Convention pour la protection des personnes \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9gard du traitement automatis\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel (convention 108 du Conseil de l&#8217;Europe)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 2 sous a)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">toute information concernant une personne physique identifi\u00e9e ou identifiable (\u00abpersonne concern\u00e9e\u00bb)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19810128<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">automatic processing<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Convention pour la protection des personnes \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9gard du traitement automatis\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel (convention 108 du Conseil de l&#8217;Europe)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 2 sous a)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">any information relating to an identified or identifiable individual (&#8220;data subject&#8221;)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19900727<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">COM 90 314 FINAL FR<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 2 sous a)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">toute information concernant une personne physique identifi\u00e9e ou identifiable (\u00abpersonne concern\u00e9e\u00bb)\u00a0; est notamment r\u00e9put\u00e9e identifiable une personne qui peut \u00eatre identifi\u00e9e par une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 un num\u00e9ro d&#8217;identification ou \u00e0 une information similaire<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19900727<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">COM 90 314 FINAL EN<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 2 sous a)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">any information relating to an identified or identifiable individual (&#8220;data subject&#8221;)\u00a0; an identifiable individual is notably an individual who can be identified by reference to an identification number or a similar identifying particular<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19951024<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Directive 95\/46\/CE du Parlement europ\u00e9en et du Conseil, du 24 octobre 1995, relative \u00e0 la protection des personnes physiques \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9gard du traitement des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel et \u00e0 la libre circulation de ces donn\u00e9es<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 2 sous a)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">toute information concernant une personne physique identifi\u00e9e ou identifiable (personne concern\u00e9e); est r\u00e9put\u00e9e identifiable une personne qui peut \u00eatre identifi\u00e9e, directement ou indirectement, notamment par r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 un num\u00e9ro d&#8217;identification ou \u00e0 un ou plusieurs \u00e9l\u00e9ments sp\u00e9cifiques, propres \u00e0 son identit\u00e9 physique, physiologique, psychique, \u00e9conomique, culturelle ou sociale<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">19951024<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Directive 95\/46\/CE du Parlement europ\u00e9en et du Conseil, du 24 octobre 1995, relative \u00e0 la protection des personnes physiques \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9gard du traitement des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel et \u00e0 la libre circulation de ces donn\u00e9es<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 2 sous a)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (&#8216;data subject&#8217;); an identifiable person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to his physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural or social identity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"18\">19961007<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">donn\u00e9es personnelles<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Protection des donn\u00e9es personnelles des travailleurs. Recueil des directives pratiques au BIT (1997)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Paragraphe 3.1.<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">L&#8217;expression donn\u00e9es personnelles s&#8217;applique \u00e0 toute information relative \u00e0 un travailleur identifi\u00e9 ou identifiable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">20040806<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">donn\u00e9e \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Loi n\u00b0 78-17 du 6 janvier 1978 relative \u00e0 l&#8217;informatique, aux fichiers et aux libert\u00e9s. Version consolid\u00e9e au 07 ao\u00fbt 2004<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 2<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">toute information relative \u00e0 une personne physique identifi\u00e9e ou qui peut \u00eatre identifi\u00e9e, directement ou indirectement, par r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 un num\u00e9ro d&#8217;identification ou \u00e0 un ou plusieurs \u00e9l\u00e9ments qui lui sont propres. Pour d\u00e9terminer si une personne est identifiable, il convient de consid\u00e9rer l&#8217;ensemble des moyens en vue de permettre son identification dont dispose ou auxquels peut avoir acc\u00e8s le responsable du traitement ou toute autre personne.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\"><span style=\"color: #ff3333;\">20100407<\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Personally Identifiable Information<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">NIST \u2013 SP 800-122 &#8211; Guide to Protecting the Confidentiality of Personally Identifiable Information (PII)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Section 2.1<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">PII is \u2015any information about an individual maintained by an agency, including (1) any information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual\u2018s identity, such as name, social security number, date and place of birth, mother\u2018s maiden name, or biometric records; and (2) any other information that is linked or linkable to an individual, such as medical, educational, financial, and employment information.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">20120125<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Proposition de R\u00c8GLEMENT DU PARLEMENT EUROP\u00c9EN ET DU CONSEIL relatif \u00e0 la protection des personnes physiques \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9gard du traitement des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel et \u00e0 la libre circulation de ces donn\u00e9es (r\u00e8glement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral sur la protection des donn\u00e9es)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 4 sous 2)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">toute information se rapportant \u00e0 une personne concern\u00e9e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">20120125<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 4 sous 2)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">any information relating to a data subject<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">20120501<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Privacy Terminology \u2013 draft-hansen-privacy-terminology-03.txt<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Page 2<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">information about an individual stored and\/or transmitted electronically in Internet protocols<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">20120622<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation) \u2013 Revised by the DAPIX meetings of 23-24 February and 14-15 March 2012<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 4 sous 1)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (&#8216;data subject&#8217;); an identifiable person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, by means likely to be used by the controller or by any other natural or legal person, in particular by reference to a name, an identification number, location data, online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that person. If identification requires a disproportionate amount of time, effort or material resources the natural living person shall not be considered identifiable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">20120713<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Privacy Terminology \u2013 draft-iab-privacy-terminology-00.txt<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Page 2<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">any information relating to a data subject<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">20121112<\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">British Telecom&#8217;s amendments to the proposed Regulation on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 4 sous 1)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">any information relating to an identified or identifiable living natural person (&#8216;data subject&#8217;); an identifiable person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, by the data controller in particular by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to his physical, psychological, mental, economic, cultural or social identity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">20130724<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">RFC6973<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Section 3.2<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">information relating to an identified or identifiable individual<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">20140123<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Personally Identifiable Information<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">PRIVACY THRESHOLD AN ALYSIS (PTA). Version number 01-2014. Department of Homeland Security<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Note de bas de page 2, page 3<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">any information that permits the identity of an individual to be directly or indirectly inferred, including any information that is linked or linkable to that individual, regardless of whether the individual is a U.S. citizen, lawful permanent resident, visitor to the U.S., or employee or contractor to the Department<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">20140306<\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">AmCham EU Proposed Amendments on the General Data Protection Regulation<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 4 sous 1)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">information relating to a data subject that makes identification by the controller reasonably possible<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">20140306<\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Amendments to the draft data protection regulation proposed by Bits of Freedom<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 1 sous 2)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">any information relating to a data subject<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">20140626<\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">W3C Privacy Considerations<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Any information relating to an individual who can be identified, directly or indirectly.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">20140703<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Personally Identifiable Information<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">USAID Privacy Threshold Analysis Template<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Page 9<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Personally Identifiable Information (PII) means information which can be used to distinguish or trace an individual&#8217;s identity, such as their name, social security number, biometric records, etc. alone, or when combined with other personal or identifying information which is linked or linkable to a specific individual, such as date and place of birth, mother\u2019s maiden name, etc. The definition of PII is not anchored to any single category of information or technology. Rather, it requires a case-by-case assessment of the specific risk that an individual can be identified. In performing this assessment, it is important for an agency to recognize that non-PII can become PII whenever additional information is made publicly available \u2014 in any medium and from any source \u2014 that, when combined with other available information, could be used to identify an individual<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">20160111<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data\/personal information<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Privacy by Design Documentation for Software Engineers Version 1.0 &#8211; DRAFT Committee Specification 02 Working Draft 08<\/span><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Section 1.5<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">any data\/information about an individual including (1) any data\/information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual\u2018s identity, and (2) any other data\/information that is linked or linkable to an individual or an individual\u2019s device<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">20160427<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">R\u00c8GLEMENT (UE) 2016\/679 DU PARLEMENT EUROP\u00c9EN ET DU CONSEIL du 27 avril 2016 relatif \u00e0 la protection des personnes physiques \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9gard du traitement des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel et \u00e0 la libre circulation de ces donn\u00e9es, et abrogeant la directive 95\/46\/CE (r\u00e8glement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral sur la protection des donn\u00e9es)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 4 sous 1)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">toute information se rapportant \u00e0 une personne physique identifi\u00e9e ou identifiable (ci-apr\u00e8s d\u00e9nomm\u00e9e \u00abpersonne concern\u00e9e\u00bb); est r\u00e9put\u00e9e \u00eatre une \u00abpersonne physique identifiable\u00bb une personne physique qui peut \u00eatre identifi\u00e9e, directement ou indirectement, notamment par r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 un identifiant, tel qu&#8217;un nom, un num\u00e9ro d&#8217;identification, des donn\u00e9es de localisation, un identifiant en ligne, ou \u00e0 un ou plusieurs \u00e9l\u00e9ments sp\u00e9cifiques propres \u00e0 son identit\u00e9 physique, physiologique, g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, psychique, \u00e9conomique, culturelle ou sociale<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"17\">20160427<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">personal data<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">R\u00c8GLEMENT (UE) 2016\/679 DU PARLEMENT EUROP\u00c9EN ET DU CONSEIL du 27 avril 2016 relatif \u00e0 la protection des personnes physiques \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9gard du traitement des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel et \u00e0 la libre circulation de ces donn\u00e9es, et abrogeant la directive 95\/46\/CE (r\u00e8glement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral sur la protection des donn\u00e9es)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Art. 4 sous 1)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (\u2018data subject\u2019); an identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\" > <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\" ><p ><span class=\"footnote_reference_container_label\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_reference_container_272();\" ><\/span ><span class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_272();\" >[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_272\" >+<\/a >]<\/span ><\/p ><\/div > <div id=\"footnote_references_container_272\" style=\"\" > <table class=\"footnote-reference-container\" > <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_1');\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_272_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\" >Ce terrain fera l&#8217;objet d&#8217;un compte-rendu \u00e0 part<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_2');\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_272_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\" >CJUE 16 juillet 2015 \u00ab ClienthEarth\u00bb Aff. C-615\/13 P pt. 32<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_3');\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_272_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\" >Par exemple son CV son LinkedIn est une donn\u00e9e \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel m\u00eame si les informations qui y sont mises \u00e0 la disposition du public ne rel\u00e8vent en aucun cas de son intimit\u00e9<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_4');\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_272_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\" >Et ce n&#8217;est d&#8217;ailleurs pas une simple illusion d&#8217;optique puisque, depuis l&#8217;adoption de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l&#8217;Union europ\u00e9enne, il existe un droit \u00e0 la protection des donn\u00e9es personnelles (art. 8 Charte) s\u00e9par\u00e9 du droit \u00e0 la protection de la vie priv\u00e9e et familiale (art. 7 Charte).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index\"  ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_272_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_5');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a>, <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_272_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_6');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\" >Bill on protection against the misuse of personal in data protection (translation of\u00a0: Referentenentwurf Bundes-Datenschutzgesetz). Conseil de l&#8217;Europe. EPX\/Prot.Priv.\/EDB (73) 2<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_7');\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_272_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\" >Appendix V Convention on transnational data banks in the private sector. Preleminary draft proposed by Mr. J.P. COSTA, French expert. EXP\/Prot.Priv.\/EDB (72) 17 Council of Europe<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_8');\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_272_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\" >Proposition nr. 33 \u00e5r 1973, devenue Datalag 1973:289 apr\u00e8s adoption<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_9');\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_272_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\" >Council of Europe Resolution 73 (22) On the protection of the privacy of individuals vis-\u00e0-vis electronic data banks in the private sector et Council of Europe Resolution 74 (29) On the protection of the privacy of individuals vis-\u00e0-vis electronic data banks in the public sector<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_10');\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_272_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\" >Art. 4 de la loi n\u00b0 78-17 du 6 janvier 1978 relative \u00e0 l&#8217;informatique, aux fichiers et aux libert\u00e9s dans sa version d&#8217;origine<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_11');\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_272_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\" >RECOMMANDATION DU CONSEIL CONCERNANT LES LIGNES DIRECTRICES REGISSANT LA PROTECTION DE LA VIE PRIVEE ET LES FLUX TRANSFRONTIERES DE DONNEES DE CARACTERE PERSONNEL<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_12');\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_272_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc6973\">RFC 6973<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_13');\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_272_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.laquadrature.net\/files\/DP_AmCham_EU_Proposed_Amendments_on_Data_Protection.pdf\">AmCham EU Proposed Amendments on the General Data Protection Regulation<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_14');\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_272_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\" ><a href=\"http:\/\/curia.europa.eu\/juris\/document\/document.jsf?docid=184668&amp;doclang=FR\">CJUE 19 octobre 2016 \u00ab Patrick Breyer contre Allemagne \u00bb Aff. C-582\/14<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_272('footnote_plugin_tooltip_272_15');\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_272_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\" >USAID Privacy Threshold Analysis Template<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_272() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_272').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_272').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_272() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_272').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_272').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_272() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_272').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_272(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_272(); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_272(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_272(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.20 }, 380);\/*duration*\/ } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c0 l&#8217;heure o\u00f9 le gouvernement fran\u00e7ais \u00e9tudie le projet de loi relatif \u00e0 la protection des donn\u00e9es qui a vocation \u00e0 adapter le droit fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 l&#8217;entr\u00e9e en vigueur le 25 mai 2018 du R\u00e8glement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de protection donn\u00e9es, y&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":275,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,3],"tags":[32,29,33,19,21,24,5],"class_list":["post-272","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence","category-gouvernance-dinternet","tag-donnee-a-caractere-personnel","tag-droit","tag-historique","tag-protection-des-donnees","tag-science-politique","tag-sic","tag-vie-privee"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.julienrossi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/272","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.julienrossi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.julienrossi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.julienrossi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.julienrossi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=272"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.julienrossi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/272\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":278,"href":"https:\/\/www.julienrossi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/272\/revisions\/278"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.julienrossi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/275"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.julienrossi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=272"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.julienrossi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=272"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.julienrossi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=272"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}